Cina Dengan Beragam Agama tahun 1949

Masyarakat Cina

Negara Cina merupakan negara yang telah lama ada dan bahkan merupakan salah satu peradaban dunia yang tertua. Di dalam peradaban itu, muncul pula agama dan filsafat yang dipercayai atau dianut oleh masyarakat. agama-agama itu antara lain adalah Budha, konfusius, kristen protestan, kristen katolik, dan Kong Hu Chu. Keberadaan agama ini senantiasa mengalami perkembangan. Yang dikaji dalam makalah ini adalah perkembangan agama itu pada masa sebelum berkuasanya komunis di Cina dan setelah berkuasanya komunis pada tahun 1949.

Sebelum adanya paham komunis di Cina, agama-agama dan filsafat di Cina megalami perkembangan dan mencapai puncak kejayaannya. Namun ketika paham komunis merasuki pikiran masyarakat Cina, maka agama-agama maupun paham di luar komunisme dilarang. Bahkan pemerintah yang didominasi oleh komunis telah berlaku semena-mena terhadap pemeluk atau penganut agama atau paham selain komunis.

Daftar Rujukan :

Darini, Ririn. 2010. Garis Besar Sejarah Cina Era Mao. Yogyakarta: Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Lam, N. Mark, Graham, John L. 2007. China Now Berbisnis di Pasar Paling Dinamis di Dunia. Jakarta: Gramedia

Soepratignyo. 1999. Sejarah Singkat Asia Timur. Malang: Institut Keguruan Ilmu Pendidikan

Supardi, Nunus, dkk,. 2000. Kelenteng Kuno di DKI Jakarta dan Jawa Barat. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Sutopo, FX. 2009. Cina: Sejarah Singkat. Yogyakarta: Garasi

Taniputera, Ivan. 2008. History of China. Jogjakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media

Wiriatmaja, Rochiati, dkk. 2003. Sejarah dan Peradaban Cina: Analisis Filosofis-Historis dan Sosio-Antropologis. Bandung: Humaniora

Read More

Konfusianisme

Konfusianisme

Konfusianisme atau Konghuchu mulai dikenal di Cina melalui pemikiran-pemikirannya yang cemerlang yang dilontarkan pada zaman Chou Timur (770-221 SM). Konghuchu lahir pada tahun 551 SM berasal dari kota Lu, Provinsi Shandong. Pada masa itu dinasti Chou tengah kehilangan kendali terhadap para tuan tanah yang menempati hampir setengah bagian dari wilayah Cina. Konghuchu dibesarkan oleh ibunya karena ia sudah kehilangan ayahnya ketika masih berusia tiga tahun. Ketika dewasa dan bekerja sebagai pegawai di kuil bangsawan Zhou, ia mengikuti semua detail-detail yang terdapat dalam perayaan yang akhirnya menjadikannya sebagai seorang yang ahli dalam ritual agama kuno.

Konfusianisme merupakan humanisme, tujuan yang hendak dicapai adalah kesejahteraan manusia dalam hubungan yang harmonis dengan masyarakatnya. Kodrat manusia menurut konfusius adalah “pemberian langit”, yang berarti bahwa dalam hal tertentu ia berada di luar piliham manusia. Kesempurnaan manusia terletak dalam pemenuhannya sebagai manusia yang seharusnya. Moralitas merupakan realisasi dari rancangan yang ada dalam manusia. Oleh karena itu, tujuan manusia yang paling tinggi adalah menemukan petunjuk sentral bagi moral yang mempersatukan manusia dengan seluruh isi alam semesta. Bagi Konfusius, manusia adalah baian dari konstitutif dai seluruh isi alam semesta. Manusia harus berhubungan secara indah dan harmonis dengan harmoni alam di luarnya. Ungkapan yang paling terkenal yang merupakan inti ajarannya yaitu tidak berbuat kepada orang lain apa yang dia tidak sukai orang lain perbuatan pada dirinya. Secara praktis ajaran Konfusius dapat disimpulkan menjadi tiga pokok yaitu:

1. Pemujaan terhadap Tuhan (Thian)

Konfusius mengajarkan keyakinan kepada pengikutnya bahwa Thian atau Tuhan menjadi awal atas sumber kesadaran alam semesta dan segalanya. Ia menekankan bahwa amat perlu untuk melakukan sembahyang korban terhadap Thian. Pengertian Tuhan dalam kepercayaan Tionghoa sebenarnya juga tidak berbeda dengan agama-agama yang lain yaitu sebagai pencipta alam semesta dan segala isinya. Dalam kepercayaan kalangan rakyat, Tuhan biasanya disebut sebagai Thian atau Shangdi atau Siang Te (dialek Hokkian). Thian adalah penguasa tertinggi alam semesta ini. Karena itu, kedudukan-Nya berada di tempat yang paling agung, sedangkan para dewa dan malaikat yang lain adalah para pembantunya dalam menjalankan roda pemerintahan di alam semesta ini, sesuai dengan fungsinya masing-masing. Di dalam sistem pemerintahan ini, merupakan cerminan dari prinsip Yin dan Yang, yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk pemerintahan di dunia dan pemerintahan surga yang dilakukan oleh para dewa yang dipuncaki oleh Shangdi. Rakyat percaya pemerintahan surga memiliki struktur yang sama dengan pemerintahan dunia. Kalau pemerintahan dunia terdiri dari kaisar, para keluarganya, perdana menteri, menteri-menteri sipil dan militer, dan lain sebagainya, maka pemerintahan surga pun dipimpin oleh Shangdi dan dibantu para dewa-dewa baik sipil maupun militer untuk mengatur tata tertib di alam semesta ini. Sebab inilah maka para kaisar (hung-di) yang di bumi merasa perlu untuk memuja Shangdi (yang berkedudukan di atas) untuk memohon perlindungan dan berkah serta petunjuk-petunjuk untuk menjalankan roda pemerintahan di mayapada ini agar selalu selaras dengan kehendak Shangdi (Shang=di atas, di=tanah).

2. Pemujaan terhadap leluhur

Pemujaan terhadap leluhur adalah menolong seseorang untuk mengingat kembali asal-usulnya. Di sini asal mula manusia adalah dari leluhurnya. Upacara pemujaan terhadap leluhur di sini diperlukan sesaji. Sebagian besar aktifitas rumah tangga dalam keluarga Cina selalu berhubungan dengan roh leluhur. Salah satu fungsi utama dalam keluarga adalah melakasanakan pemujaan terhadap leluhur. Pemujaan leluhur dipandang sebagai perwujudan dari bakti anak terhadap orang tua dan leluhurnya (Xiao). Pelaksanaan upacara pemujaan leluhur dalam keluarga dipimpin oleh ayah sebagai kepala keluarga. Keluarga Cina menganut garus keturunan dari pihak ayah atau disebut patrilineal. Garis keturunan sangat penting bagi mereka guna menjaga kelangsungan keluarga. Oleh karena itu, anak laki-laki sangat penting untuk meneruskan garis keturunan.

3. Penghormatan terhadap Konfusius

Bagi orang Cina merupakan kewajiban mereka untuk menghormati Konghuchu yang mereka anggap sebagai guru besar seperti halnya penghormatan terhadap orang tua. Konghuchu dianggap telah berjasa dalam mengajarkan dasar-dasar ajaran moral yang sampai sekarang masih terus diterapkan. Filsafatnya yang pada akhirnya menyatu dengan kehidupan masyarakat Cina membuat secara keseluruhan ajaran Konfusius lebih banyak ditujukan kepada manusia sebagai makhluk hidup.

Buddhisme

Agama Buddha sudah menjadi bagian dari filosofi Cina selama hampir 2000 tahun. Meskipun Buddha bukanlah merupakan agama asli, melainkan pengaruh dari India, tetapi ajaran Buddha mempunyai pengaruh yang cukup berarti pada kehidupan orang Cina. Tema pokok ajaram agama Buddha adalah bagaimana menghindarkan manusia dari penderitaan (samsara). Kejahatan adalah pangkal penderitaan. Manusia yang lemah, tidak berpengetahuan (akan Buddhisme) akan sangat mudah terkena kejahatan dan sulit untuk membebaskan diri dari penderitaan.

Pendiri agama Buddha adalah Sidharta Gautama. Ia dilahirkan dari keluarga bangsawan di India. Sewaktu kecil, ayahnya menjauhkan Sidharta dari segala macam bentuk penderitaan dunia, sampai pada suatu hari secara tidak sengaja ia melihat orang-orang yang selama ini belum dilihatnya yaitu orang-orang tua, seorang yang sakit dan yang meninggal. Kenyataan tersebut membuatnya kemudian meninggalkan istana dan bertapa di bawah pohon bodhi. Setelah bertapa selama enam tahun akhirnya ia memperoleh pencerahan dengan menemukan obat penawar bagi penderitaan, jalan keluar dari lingkaran tanpa akhir yaitu melalui kelahiran kembali kepada suatu jalan menuju Nirwana. Jalan ini yang kemudian dikenal juga sebagai inti dari ajaran Buddha.

Buddhisme masuk ke Cina kira-kira abad 3 Masehi, pada masa pemerintahan dinasti Han. Buddhisme selanjutnya mengalami perkembangan sendiri di negara tersebut. Ajarannya di Cina mendapat pengaruh dari kepercayaan yang sudah ada sebelumnya yaitu Taoisme dan Konfusiansianisme. Hal yang paling kentara dari percampuran ini ialah dengan munculnya sekte Shan, yang juga muncul di Jepang dengan nama Zen yang merupakan Buddhisme India bercorak Taoisme Cina. Wujud dari agama ini adalah timbulnya versi-versi signifikan dari dewata-dewata buddha, seperti Avalokitecvara, Maitreya, dan sebagainya. Avalokitecvara berubah menjadi Dewi Welas Asih (Guan Yin atau Kwan Im). Dewi ini sangat populer sekali di kalangan orang Cina, tempat orang memohon pertolongan dalam kesukaran, memohon keturunannya, dan lain sebagainya. Kwan Im dalam penampilannya mempunyai 33 wujud, diantaranya yang paling populer adalah Kwan Im berbaju putih, Kwan Im membawa botol air suci, dan Kwan Im bertangan seribu. Dalam Avalokitecvara, Maitreya juga mempunyai wujud lain di Cina yaitu Mi le fo, seorang yang bertubuh gemuk dan raut muka yang selalu tertawa. Dewa ini dikenal sebagai dewa pengobatan.

Selain dewata-dewata Buddhis, di dalam sistem kepercayaan rakyat Cina mengenal tiga penggolongan utama dewata, yaitu:

1. Dewata penguasa alam semesta yang mempunyai wilayah kekuasaan di langit. Para dewata golongan ini dipimpin oleh dewata tertinggi yaitu Yu Huang Da Di, Yuan Shi Tian Sun, dan termasuk di dalamnya antara lain dewa-dewa bintang, dewa kilat, dan dewa angin.
2. Dewata penguasa bumi yang memiliki kekuasaan di bumi, walau sebetulnya mereka termasuk malaikat langit. Kekuasaan mereka adalah dunia dan manusia, termasuk akhirat. Mereka dikatakan sebagai para dewata yang menguasai Wu-Xing (lima unsur), yaitu: (a) kayu (dewa hutan, dewa kutub, dan lain sebagainya); (b) api (dewa api, dewa dapur); (c) logam (dewata penguasa kekayaan dalam bumi); (d) air (dewa sumur, dewa sungai, dewa laut, dewa hujan, dan lain sebagainya); (e) tanah (dewa bumi, dewa gunung, penguasa akhirat, dewa pelindung kota, dan lain sebagainya)
3. Dewata penguasa manusia, yaitu para dewata yang mengurus soal-soal yang bersangkutan dengan kehidupan manusia seperti kelahiran, perjodohan, kematian, usia, rezeki, kekayaan, kepangkatan dan lain sebagainya. Termasuk dalam golongan dewata penguasa manusia ini adalah para dewata pelindung usaha pertokoan, dewata pengobatan, dewata pelindung, dan peternakan ulat sutra. Di samping itu, terdapat dewata-dewata kedaerahan yang menjadi pelindung masyarakat yang berasal dari daerah yang sama.

 Daftar Rujukan :

Supardi, Nunus, dkk,. 2000. Kelenteng Kuno di DKI Jakarta dan Jawa Barat. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan Nasional

Wiriaatmadja, Rochiati dkk. 2003. Sejarah dan Peradaban Cina Analisis Filosofis-Historis dan Sosio-Antropologis. Bnadung: Humaniora

Lam, N. Mark, Graham, John L. 2007. China Now Berbisnis di Pasar Paling Dinamis di Dunia. Jakarta: Gramedia

Read More

Mosques and Architecture

The mosque is the place of worship of Muslims. Masjid means a place prostration. In addition to places of worship mosques also a Muslim community living center. Activities - celebration activities, discussion, religious studies, lectures and study of the Qur'an are often held in mosques. Even in Islamic history, the mosque helped play a part in social activities until the military.

Viewed from etymology Masjid means a place of worship. The root word of the mosque is sajada which means sajada prostrate or bow. The word mosque itself rooted in Aramaic. The word masgid (msgd) found in an inscription of the 5th century BC. The word masgid (msgd) means "sacred pole" or "place of gods".
The towers, as well as a large dome of the mosque, it was as a prime witness how medieval Islamic period. The mosque has been through a series of years the longest in history until now. Starting from the Crusades to the Gulf War. For more than 1000 years anyway, mosque architecture began to slowly adjust the mosque building with modern architecture.
The first mosque was established when the Prophet Muhammad arrived in Medina, he decided to build a mosque, now known by the name of the Prophet's Mosque, which means the Prophet's Mosque. Prophet's Mosque is situated in the center of the medina. Prophet's Mosque was built in a large field. In the Prophet's Mosque, there is also a pulpit that is often used by the Prophet Muhammad. Masjid Nabawi into the heart of Medina at that time. The mosque is used for political activities, urban planning, determining military strategy, and to have an agreement. In fact, in the area around the mosque is used as a temporary shelter by the poor people. Currently, the Grand Mosque, Masjid Nabawi and Masjid al-Aqsa is the third holiest mosque in the world.
Then outside the mosque was built in the Arabian Peninsula, as the Muslims living outside the Arabian Peninsula. Egypt became the first area occupied by the Muslim Arabs in 640. Since then, the capital of Egypt, Cairo is filled with mosques. Therefore, Cairo dubbed the city of a thousand minarets. Some mosques in Cairo serves as an Islamic school or madrassa even as a hospital. Mosques in Sicily and Spain do not mimic the architectural design of the Visigoths, but mimicked Moorish architecture. Scientists then estimated that the pre-Islamic form of the building was transformed into a form of Islamic architectural style Andalus and Maghreb, as an example of a horseshoe arch in the mosque doors

  Great Mosque Ponorogo
After Islam spread throughout the region and is growing rapidly ponorogo then established a mosque in the west of the city center is the Great Mosque Roxburgh Roxburgh. The mosque is located to the west of the square. Great Mosque stands very sturdy and majestic mosques and functions until now have not changed from the past until now, actually stood there before the mosque is one of the mosques that are still associated with this mosque, the mosque Tegalsari before standing over the Grand Mosque of Ponorogo, but in this book will discuss ponorogo grand mosque. The location of the mosque is right in the center west kotoa together are like in other cities, the mosque has always been in the west the town square, it can be inferred from the similarity of the cities in Indonesia showed that the mosque is located in the west to indicate the direction. Great Mosque Ponorogo always exploited and used as necessary, founder ponorogo grand mosque is the son of the seven Bathoro Katong which used to be the duke in ponorogo around the year 18 .. This mosque is built like the other mosques, the building of this mosque using wooden poles to support a large and sturdy. The first building ponorogo grand mosque has similarities to the mosque tegal sari in Jetis ponorogo also bertinag wood. Ponorogo grand mosque at the center of the Muslim congregation in the area of ​​good ponorogo Friday prayers, the feast, and Eid al-Adha, and the five obligatory prayers. Back in front of the mosque is teradapat a terminal bus stops in the city or town anatar. Once the terminal is considered disturbing presence for worshipers in the mosque ponorogo, eventually terminal evicted and moved 2km east of downtown. And the former is used as a parking station for pilgrims ponorogo grand mosque. Thus, proving that Islam entered ponorogo

Read More

Jasmine Gandung punden

Punden Gadung punden Jasmine is one that has been retained by the community of Batu, especially the people residing in the village of Batu Banyuning. The building shows the characteristics of Hindu buildings.

Punden located in the city streets Banyuning This stone is one of the bercorakan punden Hindu religion. It can be seen from the form of a mnyerupai punden form a patterned temples Hindu. Punden Gadung Melati is a burial site that was allegedly mbah Gadung still had a relationship with former Majapahit empire. According to village elders Banyuning pack Gimo, mbah Gangung an envoy of the Majapahit to build a village that is used as a resort village. The village is named Banyuning have the meanings Banyu = water and jaundice / nodes (in the Java language) = clear. There are sources that used to be a place to meditate is now called by the name ngesong. 

Before the arrival of Islam Banyuning majority of Hindu religion, it can be found with the remains of Hindu religious parents, but now many are living a few kilometers from the village Bayuning, yaoiu Junggo village. Hindu religion is pemujuaan Soekmono hundu by statues of the gods into a specially style of popular religious nature that arise after the Religious Buda, and is usually called the Hindu religion.
Masryarakat about punden now largely patterned Islamic religion and the existence of this Budget Gandung punden mbah relatively dipertahanselamatan deskan sustainability. This is evident from the punden hygiene. As in Figure 1. Although the majority Muslim community, they see themselves not to forget the existence of this punden, with the holding of the village of salvation that was held once a year and every Friday night legi jaranan art held in this place.

Respect for people's existence is still high punden and still show the influence of Hindu culture. With the growing period did not affect public confidence in the existence punden sometimes mystical and religious.

Read More

TEMPLE HINDU SADON patterned in Magetan

LOCATION OF TEMPLEThe temple is located in the hamlet Sadon Sadon, Cepoko Village, District Panekan, Magetan, East Java Province, which is next to the highway-Panekan Magetan. although the name of the temple is a temple Sadon, which is the name of the village is located, but the local people call it by name Reog Temple, as the ruins of the temple there Sadon Kalamakara, Kala giant statue that looked like a tiger's head on dhadhakmerak. Dhadhakmerak which is decorated with a tiger's head mask bulumerak arrangement around it. This mask is the character attributes in the arts reog Singabarong. Dhadak peacock mask the overall weight of 30-40 kg is usually worn by the dancers Singabarong. This temple is a relic of King Airlangga, but it was unknown exactly when and for what the temple is rebuilt.
TEMPLE EVENTIn 1966, the stones of the temple was destroyed by a group of people who are not responsible. In 1969, spearheaded as the Head of Development Sutaryono Magetan culture, held the realignment of the stones Sadon temple ruins. Among the ruins of the historical relics there Kalamakara statues, dragon statues, stone animal picture, former pedestals, yoni, and which is the corner stone of the temple. In addition, the area also has three inscribed stones. According Sarnu of History and Archaeology Service Magetan, writing in the three stone rings PA PA-A-KA-LA, SA DA KRA PA and BA-MA DA SA PA SRI-DA-BA-HA-LA. Of his writings or square-shaped beam, it is estimated that the inscribed stone came from the same period the inscriptions found in the hamlet Pledokan, Kediri, East Java.Then to the east of the temple complex Sadon, exactly in front of the village cemetery, there is a small temple called the Temple of RecA cow (cow statue), very small size of this temple. The temple is a Hindu temple was discovered in 1971 by Sudiro, the local population. When found, the temple is covered with bamboo groves. The temple consists of five RecA cow statue, which is stable RecA, RecA feed (cattle feeders), RecA Omben (drinking cow), RecA Capil (cowboy hat statue) and RecA forked (milestone tether strap where the cow). These five statues are believed to be the embodiment of herding cattle and equipment owned or Maesadanu Dadhung Awuk, shepherd figures in local legend.Heritage statues in DESA CEPOKO 

•  In Mulyo hamlet northwest direction approximately 300m from the temple there are two relics sadon, while the band name, considering the place looks like a tub of water and no shower. While people interpret it decided where Brahmins give the holy water in religious ceremonies. 
• northeast direction from the main temple there are also approximately 500m heritage stone that looks like the village Mulyo so the same function.
• Next to approximately 800 m southeast of the temple sadon stone relics found again as above.
• At a distance of approximately 100m from the temple of stone relics sadon again found his form and shape of the house cow. 
• In the hamlet senok approximately 600m from the temple sadon or approximately 100m from the road-Magetan panekan penginggalan was also found, but this is a statue of a daughter who seems fine healthy, wise and graceful. This statue is very high artistic value, described a daughter who was sitting quietly, his hand holding a lotus and another pertolo / pitcher, who interpreted containing the water of life. This statue is called putrid or statue goddess statues (the goddess of life).

THE STORY OF THE COMMUNITY and FAITHpublic confidence that the temple sadon / Reyog temple attended by the spirits that guard named Dadung Kawuk a puppet as a shepherd in the story of the buffalo demon maeso danu. Because the name of the temple / statue Reyog, while Reyog it is the name of the folk arts of all forms of art around (reyog-tandak/ledek/waranggono) in order to be successful and get a windfall should first play at the temples Reyog or in the Java language Gladden there (Reyog temple), otherwise it would meet with misfortune or bad luck. Except that if they want to get the fortune / success of his work is in (on time) might not work sedaoat Reyog back to the temple. Believe / not is up to yourself but in general the rural hamlet sadon cepoko not want to look for both outward and inward riskNAME OF TRUST BY THE TEMPLE SADONAccording to the cultural, Sadon name comes from the word meaning asad Sad or not, Don was taken from the word ti ¬ padudon or not there is contention. Others have argued that Sadon name comes from the word 'Sadu'. Get an extra 'an'. Be ¬ ga Sehing Saduan. Sadu saduan means means peaceful and tranquil pat ¬ tem. End of its popular Saduan ¬ Sadon words that mean the place is serene. Starting from it, dae ¬ rah was once a safe and secure place. So ¬ da ancestors chose this place as the upstream tem to build a pat ¬ ¬ ¬ ah bu temple. The reason, building a temple requires physical and mental concentration that is full of Sang Hyang Widhi. And inspiration is not going to happen ¬ ca ¬ pies if the situation is calm.

Read More

Gentong Temple (Candi Gentong)

The temple is located in the village Gentong Jambumente, District Trowulan, Mojokerto district. The temple is located very close to the Temple Brahu, a distance of approximately 300 m. so the temple can be seen from the temple Brahu Gentong. Gentong temple is one of the three temples in the area. The temples are found in the area, Gedong Temple, Middle Temple and the Temple Gentong itself. The temple is lined with the direction of west to east longitude. Of the three temple buildings which are still visible Gentong Temple, Middle Temple and the Temple while Gedong has not looked back.
Efforts to preserve the temple Gentong done for six years, and which reveal the structure hasilanya Gentong Temple I and Temple II Gentong (Kusumajaya, et al, 25). I Gentong temple has unique characteristics that have never previously encountered on ancient buildings. Gentong Temple building has three square berdenah structure. However, the three elements of the structure appears to have experienced vandalism, because on the south side wall, unbroken stukturnya on one line. Although the structure of the III is already closed, but closure of this structure using the stacking pattern and the system is different from previous patterns in the original building. Outside the structure is still too ditemuai structures IV and V. On this structure using the species of the installation of brick clay.
Gentong II temple has a square floor plan and building size 7.10 x 7.10 m. The building is surrounded by other buildings based on the remaining structure. The buildings are numbered as many as seven to eight facing directions of the compass except the north. In whol building has a size of the temple buildings Gentong II 18.5 x 18.5 meters. Gentong Temple building that could be found only the legs and sumurannya only.
The temple is found in the village was named Temple Jambumente Gentong since that time this temple was found buried under mounds of earth piled ynag and form barrel-shaped. But there is no definitive explanation why it happened. Gentong temple was built during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk. This temple was built to commemorate uapcara Sraddha, upaacara is done to commemorate Tribuana Tunggadewi Wijaya who is none other than his own mother of Hayam Wuruk. The purpose of this ceremony is to invoke the exercise of government welfare. Gentong temple is obvious evidence of tolerance among religions, namely Hinduism and Buddhism which can be coupled and gain recognition from the government.
According to locals, they believe that in the reign of the Majapahit Kingdom, Gentong temple was built as a place to bathe the dead body was later taken Brahu temple to be cremated. However, the bodies are brought to the Temple Brahu are the remains of the king.

Read More

"Nandi" relics of the Hindu Budha Century 4

Indonesia is known as a multicultural country. Indonesia in the state there are various tribes, various cultures, including different religions. Religions officially recognized by Indonesia is Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Catholicism. From 5 different religions, Hinduism and Buddhism was the first to go to Indonesia or who formerly known as Nusantara. The entry of Hinduism and Buddhism brought a great influence on the development of social life in the archipelago.
According to the evidence that has been found, Hinduism first entered the archipelago is in the Kutai, on the banks of the Mahakam River, East Kalimantan around the 4th century AD. This fact is derived from the discovery of inscriptions Yupa. In the inscription Yupa did not mention the figure in the founding of the kingdom of Kutai, but the timing can be obtained by a comparison technique or techniques make use of comparisons. The letter contained the same letters the inscription Yupa in India in the 4th century AD. Since then the Hindu religion began to spread to different parts of the archipelago. In Java, the influence of Hinduism can be known with inscriptions describing the founding of the kingdom had a job that patterned Hinduism, including Tarumanegara kingdom, Mataram, Singosari, and Majapahit.
The growing influence of Buddhism Hinduism dab also indirectly affect cultural developments in various areas of the archipelago. In Hinduism known variety of the ceremonies of worship and various sacred objects. These are things that ultimately mix with the local culture that raises acculturation. One example of acculturation culture with local culture is Hindu temples. Rule-making temples in Indonesia is using the same rules as the rule-making temples in India, but the shape, relief models, and models adapted to the decoration on the temple culture of each region in Indonesia.
The influence of Hinduism and Buddhism are also very pronounced in the District Tulungagung. This is proven by the discovery of many relics of the Hindu and Buddhist in this area. Broadly speaking, the discovery of objects from the Hindu and Buddhist in Tulungagung can be grouped into two areas. The first region is the northern districts Tulungagung. In this region most of the objects found are patterned objects Hinduism, for example, is the discovery of Mirigambar temples, statues relating to the gods in the Hindu religion, as well as many found jaladwara. The second region is the southern districts Tulungagung. In this region most of the objects found are patterned objects Buddhism, for example, the discovery of Gayatri temple, Dadi temple, and temple Sanggrahan.
Tulungagung function of the temple in the district other than as a cemetery is a place of worship. God who was worshiped in Hinduism is Tri Murti. Tri Murti is the name for Lord Shiva, Lord Brahma and Lord Vishnu. Dewa Siwa regarded as the god of melting and is the god who has the highest position in comparison with the other gods. Lord Shiva has animal mounts (rides) are called 'Nandi'. Therefore, in some temple used to worship a statue of Shiva, Nandi.
Statue of Nandi also been found d daeerah Tulungagung. The statue was found in the Village of Spring. Nandi statue is probably a relic of the kingdom of Majapahit. This is because at about the 15th century AD Tulungagung District, who was then still called Ngrowo the territory of the Kingdom of Majapahit. Tulungagung that was once the domain of Majapahit lead in this area are found relics of Hindu-Buddhist. Heritage of Hindu culture spread across most of northern Tulungagung, whereas most of the relics of Buddhist culture spread in the southern Tulungagung.
Most people do not understand about the meaning Tulungagung statues of Hindu-Buddhist relic is. This causes the Tulungagung not know the importance of the objects. Remains, the remains were to be less well maintained. Society just consider it as something that is worthless. That's what led to the remains, the remains of the Hindu-Buddhist like Nandi statue was brought to the museum Tulungagung.

Read More

Candi Gunung Gangsir

Temple Mount digger is a temple located in Temple Kebon Hamlet, Village of Mount digger, District Beji, Pasuruan regency, East Java. But not many people know about the existence of this temple. Because of this temple was never a field trip attractions and objects. Moreover, until recently, the temple was still in the process of restoration due to damage suffered. Temple Mount from the digger had improved from 2004 to the present. For the neglect of the restoration of this temple is the lack of rocks that can be used to restore the temple. In addition, to restore the temple reliefs, encountered many difficulties when it was discovered because of this temple is not in its entirety. Is estimated that the temple was built during the reign of Airlangga (http://indopedia.gunadarma.ac.id/content/125/3176/id/candi-gununggangsir.html accessed on October 8, 2011 at 11:40 pm)
According to the tomb guard, Mr. Edy Susanto, this temple was built not as a place pendharmaan king, but to honor a figure in the mythology of the local villagers who named Nyai Sri Gati or Mbok Rondo Dermo. In the past, present around the village called Village of Mount digger, the community life of wandering (nomadic) and similar eating grass. However, then the situation becomes precarious because food supplies were running low. Until there came a man named Nyai Sri Gati. He intends to help local people by getting them to pray to Sang Hyang Widhi to ask for help. Finally, relief came through a bunch of bird dropping grains near them. By Nyai Sri Gati, rice is planted. Several months later, the rice can be harvested. Seeing his success, Nyai Sri Gati was then taught to the public on how to plant and cultivate rice to be used as food. The story tells Sri Gati Nyai grains can be eaten, while the skin is turned into a gem that makes it rich.
Jika ditilik dari cerita yang dipaparkan oleh juru kunci, tujuan pembangunan candi dikarenakan berkembangnya pertanian di kawasan Desa Gunung Gangsir terdukung oleh adanya areal pertanian luas yang letaknya tidak jauh dari candi ini. Hanya berjarak sekitar 100 meter dari candi.
Candi Gunung Gangsir merupakan candi yang terbuat dari batu bata berukir dan memiliki 4 lantai atau 4 tingkatan. 2 lantai dasarnya merupakan tubuh dan atap candi yang sebenarnya. Denahnya berbentuk segi empat, sesuai dengan kriteria bangunan candi yang terdapat dalam kitab Silpasastra. Lantai dasarnya yang berbentuk segi empat memiliki sebuah tonjolan pada sisi timurnya, berlawanan dengan arah keletakan tanga. Tubuh dan atap candi juga memiliki bentuk dasar segi empat dan di keempat bagian sisi dinding tubuh candi juga memiliki bidang tonjolan yang rapi. Seperti candi-candi pada umumnya, Candi Gunung Gangsir pun memiliki relief-relief cerita. Hanya saja saat ini, candi kecil ini tidak lagi utuh sebab pada masa pendudukan Jepang, batu-batuan candi sering diambil (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Gunung_Gangsir diakses tanggal 08 Oktober 2011 pukul 11.43 WIB).
Respon Masyarakat Setempat Terhadap Candi Gunung Gangsir
Masyarakat yang hidup di daerah sekitar Candi Gunung Gangsir yaitu di dukuh Kebon Candi dan Dermo adalah masyarakat yang mayoritas muslim. Namun mereka cukup menghargai dan welcome terhadap keberadaan candi yang notabene merupakan warisan agama Hindu ini. Terbukti dengan adanya usaha swadaya masyarakat dalam merawat Candi Gunung Gangsir dan halaman di sekitarnya. Candi ini diperlakukan selaknya barang peninggalan purbakala yang patut dijaga dan dilestarikan. Tidak ada sikap berlebihan terhadap candi ini seperti pemujaan, pengeramatan, dsb.
Sebagian besar masyarakatnya bangga atas adanya Candi Gunung Gangsir di desa mereka. Sebab tak semua desa punya aset cagar budaya masa lampau berwujud candi. Namun sayangnya, mereka tidak menerapkan sistem zoning terhadap candi ini dan kawasannya. Sehingga mereka tidak mengosongkan candi dan lingkungannya dalam radius tertentu. Candi yang dilindungi hanya sebatas bangunan fisik candi dan pekarangan seluas 200 m2 sedangkan sekelilingnya adalah pemukiman warga yang berdekatan, sehingga sampai saat ini pun belum bisa diketahui apakah tidak ada peninggalan-peninggalan lain yang bersangkutan dengan candi ini.
Daftar Pustaka
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candi_Gunung_Gangsir diakses tanggal 08 Oktober 2011 pukul 11.43 WIB.
http://indopedia.gunadarma.ac.id/content/125/3176/id/candi-gununggangsir.html diakses tanggal 08 Oktober 2011 pukul 11.40 WIB.
sebagian besar sumber adalah hasil wawancara dengan juru kunci pada April 2008.

Read More

Reog Art Ponnorogo

Reog is one of the arts of the native culture of small towns namely Ponorogo. This traditional art often become debates by neighboring countries namely Malaysia that it used to be that mengeklaim is a native culture Reog, Indonesia was able to save but the culture is by registering to Reog United Nations legally-owned cultural and Indonesia.
Essentially made of series of skin Reog bamboo in a form such that it resembles a lion that has fur around the neck that is so dense, and a life in ornaments decorate the reog is a Peacock feather and skin of a tiger. Peacock feathers in the can from the results in the maintenance base of Ngawi and later in awetkan by the craftsmen reog. Then skin the Tiger used to headdresses reog retrieved from a tiger skin is dead, the intent of tiger skin which is dead is dead Tiger by itself without human intervention so that way not breaking the legislation in force in indonesia.
Reog Ponorogo in staging is done by lifting the Reog and bite on the back of his head that resembles a lion who was standing on top of it all, and a Peacock who sits in the neck of the head of a lion.
This culture is often on the encounter on a wide range of celebrations in various areas in Ponorogo plosok not alone but rather in various regions in Indonesia. And once every year as Reog Ponorogo Cultural Center Art Festival held in Indonesia follow Reog different regions all over Indonesia. So with the tersehut arts festival makes Reog is remained in the community and inedible by the globalisation era.

Read More