History of Afghanistan

Geographical Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a country in South Asia which beribukotakan Kabul. Afghanistan is a country located at the crossroads of Asia. Country Afghanistan is generally considered part of Central Asia, but the country is sometimes ascribed to a regional bloc in either South Asia or the Middle East, as it has cultural relations, ethno-linguistic, and geographic with most of its neighbors. Country Afghanistan is bordered by Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tadzikistan (north), PRC (East Sea), Pakistan (East and South), and Iran (the West).
Basically Country Afghanistan is a mountainous area. There is a land there but just north and southwest. Afghanistan is dominated by the Hindu-Kush mountain ranges, which has the highest peaks in the Wakhan. The more to the west, the mountains become less high, then branches into rows of mountain children. The highest point in Afghanistan, Nowshak, is 7485 m above sea level. Most of the country are dry, and the water supply is limited. Afghanistan has a land climate, with very hot conditions in the summer and when the situation is extremely cold winters. Country Afghanistan is also often the epicenter.
Country Afghanistan is a country that there are many provinces and potentially great. Afghanistan has 34 provinces and cities of which are of prime importance and has a lot of history about the formation of Afghanistan. Provinces in Afghanistan, namely:

Badakhshan Badghis Baghlan Balkh Bamiyan Daikondi Farah Faryab Ghazni Ghowr Helmand Herat Jowzjan Kabul Kandahar Kapisa Khost

Konar Kondoz Laghman Lowgar Nangarhar Nimruz Nurestan Oruzgan Paktia Paktika Panjshir Parvan Samangan Sar-e Pol Takhar Vardak Zabo

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Mosques and Architecture

The mosque is the place of worship of Muslims. Masjid means a place prostration. In addition to places of worship mosques also a Muslim community living center. Activities - celebration activities, discussion, religious studies, lectures and study of the Qur'an are often held in mosques. Even in Islamic history, the mosque helped play a part in social activities until the military.

Viewed from etymology Masjid means a place of worship. The root word of the mosque is sajada which means sajada prostrate or bow. The word mosque itself rooted in Aramaic. The word masgid (msgd) found in an inscription of the 5th century BC. The word masgid (msgd) means "sacred pole" or "place of gods".
The towers, as well as a large dome of the mosque, it was as a prime witness how medieval Islamic period. The mosque has been through a series of years the longest in history until now. Starting from the Crusades to the Gulf War. For more than 1000 years anyway, mosque architecture began to slowly adjust the mosque building with modern architecture.
The first mosque was established when the Prophet Muhammad arrived in Medina, he decided to build a mosque, now known by the name of the Prophet's Mosque, which means the Prophet's Mosque. Prophet's Mosque is situated in the center of the medina. Prophet's Mosque was built in a large field. In the Prophet's Mosque, there is also a pulpit that is often used by the Prophet Muhammad. Masjid Nabawi into the heart of Medina at that time. The mosque is used for political activities, urban planning, determining military strategy, and to have an agreement. In fact, in the area around the mosque is used as a temporary shelter by the poor people. Currently, the Grand Mosque, Masjid Nabawi and Masjid al-Aqsa is the third holiest mosque in the world.
Then outside the mosque was built in the Arabian Peninsula, as the Muslims living outside the Arabian Peninsula. Egypt became the first area occupied by the Muslim Arabs in 640. Since then, the capital of Egypt, Cairo is filled with mosques. Therefore, Cairo dubbed the city of a thousand minarets. Some mosques in Cairo serves as an Islamic school or madrassa even as a hospital. Mosques in Sicily and Spain do not mimic the architectural design of the Visigoths, but mimicked Moorish architecture. Scientists then estimated that the pre-Islamic form of the building was transformed into a form of Islamic architectural style Andalus and Maghreb, as an example of a horseshoe arch in the mosque doors

  Great Mosque Ponorogo
After Islam spread throughout the region and is growing rapidly ponorogo then established a mosque in the west of the city center is the Great Mosque Roxburgh Roxburgh. The mosque is located to the west of the square. Great Mosque stands very sturdy and majestic mosques and functions until now have not changed from the past until now, actually stood there before the mosque is one of the mosques that are still associated with this mosque, the mosque Tegalsari before standing over the Grand Mosque of Ponorogo, but in this book will discuss ponorogo grand mosque. The location of the mosque is right in the center west kotoa together are like in other cities, the mosque has always been in the west the town square, it can be inferred from the similarity of the cities in Indonesia showed that the mosque is located in the west to indicate the direction. Great Mosque Ponorogo always exploited and used as necessary, founder ponorogo grand mosque is the son of the seven Bathoro Katong which used to be the duke in ponorogo around the year 18 .. This mosque is built like the other mosques, the building of this mosque using wooden poles to support a large and sturdy. The first building ponorogo grand mosque has similarities to the mosque tegal sari in Jetis ponorogo also bertinag wood. Ponorogo grand mosque at the center of the Muslim congregation in the area of ​​good ponorogo Friday prayers, the feast, and Eid al-Adha, and the five obligatory prayers. Back in front of the mosque is teradapat a terminal bus stops in the city or town anatar. Once the terminal is considered disturbing presence for worshipers in the mosque ponorogo, eventually terminal evicted and moved 2km east of downtown. And the former is used as a parking station for pilgrims ponorogo grand mosque. Thus, proving that Islam entered ponorogo

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History of the Kraton Yogyakarta

Jogja city government began to discharge Chronicle palihan villages is about power sharing mataram area into two regions, namely the region of Yogyakarta and Surakarta sultanate. The emergence chronicle because the government led by the king of Mataram Mataram and the new Third Sunan Pakubowono continued political policy in favor of the Dutch East Indies government. Tensions continued with the prolonged war between the Kingdom fully backed by the VOC against Mangkubumi princes allied with Raden Mas Sahid.Apparently before it happens, has a lot of conflict between the royal family itself mataram. Starting from the reigning king has prepared a replacement candidate, but after the king died, the change does not occur smoothly. Many factors that cause change does not occur smoothly, namely, the concept of Javanese culture or revelation by revelation Cakraningrat palace is still deeply rooted in the minds of the candidates to replace the deceased king. In traditional Javanese society is determined by the legitimate ruler who has received revelation yag.Conflicts that occur between the royal family Mataram create loopholes for VOCs to make sneaky tactics to try to overthrow the legitimate ruler of the Sunan Mas or Amangkurat III. Sunan Mas which was finally defeated and exiled to Sri Lanka must let tahhtanya the younger brother of Prince Puger Amangkurat II father of Sunan Mas. After Prince Puger successfully staged a coup he was crowned as the Sunan Pakubuwono I. Assistance resulted in the reduction of VOC Islamic Mataram territory should be given to the local VOC Cirebon, Priangan, and the area east of Madura (Dwiyanto, 2009; 7)Since VOC comes in Java, has dozens of times they made a contract agreement with the kingdom of Mataram. The agreement initially concerned only in the field of trade, which does not touch politics. But since the reign of Sunan Pakubuwono II VOC piecemeal meddle Kraton Mataram. With the soul "can be bought" to borrow a phrase from Kustiniyati, VOC managed to put the effects in the political kingdom of Mataram.Revolt by Prince Raden Mas Said Mangkubumi and forced Pakubuwono II to the VOC for help again, because at that time no Pakubuwono II defeated the rebellion had succeeded in occupying the palace that is in Kartasura. For consideration in 1744 was moved from Kartasura to Kraton Surakarta area. But the relief of VOCs must be redeemed by the permissibility of intervention VOC Mataram future impact on the delivery of the VOC Mataram region (Purwadi, 2006; 10).Pakubowono Sunan that the illness is managed by the VOC forced to sign an agreement which is in essence a "handover State Mataram 'cause disappointment parties. One the one hand that it is disappointed the Prince Mangkubumi. With the disappointment of Prince Mangkubumi the greater rebellion waged. The rebellion consumes power and great power. Creating political stability and governance chaotic and troubled kingdom disrupt the economy, which resulted in a double debt interest in VOC.Open and guerrilla war between the two sides lasted for 6 years (1749-1755), the war resulted in many casualties on both sides. On February 13 1755 the agreement reached between the Sunan Pakubowono III with Prince Mangkubumi. The agreement was named the Chronicle palihan villages. Half ruled by Susuhan Pakubowono III with capital Surakarta, the other controlled by Susuhan Kebanaran which has since changed its title into the lane I, with its capital Ngayogyakarta (Dwiyanto, 2009; 10-14).The division of the country as administraif also affect the growing culture. Surakarta Culture Yoggyakarta culture as if competing hard, which often creates disputes. Although after the agreement Giyanti Prince Mangkubuni and Sunan Pakubuwono III has a clear territory of VOC not influence wane but has intensified as political provoke them have managed to reduce the power of Mataram.Prince Mangkubumi officially became king of Yogyakarta with a degree Ngarsa Sampeyan Dalem Dalem Ingkang Sinuwun Kanjeng lane Senopati Ing Ngalaga Khalifatullah Ngabdurrahman Sayiddin Panatagama Ingkang Jumeneng Ing Negari Ingkang Jumeneng sepisan Yogyakarta Sultanate. People generally are more familiar with the title lane I (Dwiyanto, 2009; 14).2.2 Kraton Yogyakarta Archaeological HeritageDuring each of the royal power would leave the archeological belonging ekofak, biofak, teknofak and others. Sultan Palace is a large kingdom with different attributes. From fashion to warfare equipment must have its own style shape. As a result the sublime culture certainly has a hidden wisdom and values.Culture is patterned art emerged from the palace consists of various types of architecture, dance, and literature. Arts-style building on the palace architecture and layout and literary arts is composed of fibers, Chronicle, keris, wayang, gamelan, spears, mosques and gending mysticism. The work produced by the reigning monarch and courtiers who are competent in the field of art, but also often as well as an expert on Javanese mysticism. The work produced in the form of the deity mysticism (Purwadi, 2003; 67).Culture comes first in the imperial dynasty was the founding Ngayogyakarta yogyakarta palace building. The building was established on October 7, 1756. Lane I was an expert in building and layout, which must have into account the strategic aspects of political, economic and defense, as in the palace as the administrative center. So that requires a strategic location for survival.Or the capital city palace is not only a center of politics and culture, as well as the central malainkan magical kingdom. Since the universe, which, according to Buddhist cosmology or brahman or both, based in Mount Meru, the empire, in the form of a small universe, must also have Mount Meru at the center of the city and the mountain Meru as the center of magical. People Javanese royal capital as the country's call. Return of capital means the return of the country (purwadi, 2005; 45).Examples of strategic layout is on banguanan Taman Sari or waterkasteel. The building is located on the western side of the palace. At first glance of the shape appears to be merely as a place of rest and entertainment. But after further observed "castles in the air" the only one on the island of Java, will find it too small roads that penetrate underground to weave several directions so that there is a broad penetrate into the city. The building is jugadilengkapi with water and if the water line was closed the entire park will be turned into cider big lake.There are some opinions that explain that the building is influenced by the Portuguese. But the Portuguese style not found in it. But there was a dutch who denies that is about building a garden sari inside the palace truly original character of Java.Yogya palace building itself flanked by two square is the square lor and South. In times past, both the square has significance as a place penggemblengan soldiers and government palace. In place of the officer in training fighting, horseback riding, fighting and using weapons. So that the role can only be known in the art of building is known by experts only (Dwiyanto, 2009; 17-19)In addition to the other buildings in the Kraton banguanan left is masjid.masjid according to meaning is the place praying according to Islamic rules (seokmono, 2008; 75).Lane I in addition to smart and reliable in the layout of the building is also artistic. Evidenced by the resulting culture, he changed the number of tools available to the court gamelan yogyakarta. In 1757 the lane I add to the Gamelan Bonang penembung. Furthermore Adi Pati Anom throne which replaces His father then got his lane II. He is pleased to make the gamelan pelog characterized by:• Kenong (attachment 1)• Sekar Dlema• Cluring kenong barrel nem (Appendix 2)• kreseg (made of leather scallions included in kreneng) (Dwiyanto, 2009; 20-21)In 1844 the lane V, adding Ricikan and demung saron to 8 to 4. Sultan also added some other instruments such as drums, violin, flute, and sexofon. The tools come from abroad coming together with the foreign invaders. Prince Mangkubumi sister lane VII, complete with bird gender gender successor.Kraton has plenty of gamelan devices, but only Yiga a heritage that is to be considered as gamelan, Monggang Gamelan, Gamelan Ngorek frogs, and Gamelan Sekati. Gamelan is specialized in performances at royal ceremonies. Gamelan is the work asliSri Monggang lane I first played the possible arrival of Sri Susuhan Pakubuwono III, gamelan Frog Ngorek which literally means frogs are singing, is gamelan from Surakarta Kasunanan submitted to the sultanate of Yogyakarta, as mentioned in the Chronicle Giyanti .Keris is ideofak that can be used for various functions according to wikipedia keris is a dagger stabbing weapon class (pointy and sharp on both sides) with many cultural functions are known in the western and central archipelago. On the use of the present, is more of a dagger accessory items (ageman) in dressing, has a number of cultural symbols, or a collection of objects. In the past dagger still functions as a weapon in a duel or war. Now the function is increasing as a weapon that has aesthetic value and a suggestion to the things that are irrational from kris (see annex III).In Kraton many famous masters kris experts who have created many piandel or keris as a weapon of the ruling monarch. Includes dagger Kyai Joko Pitirun succession which is a symbol of royal power that berkusasa absolute surrender to his successor before surud ing kasedan teak. Keris Kyai Piturun Joko is one of four keris owned by a very famous Sultan Palace. The kris is Kanjeng Kyai kopeks, Kanjeng Kyai Bethok, Kanjeng Sengkelat Kyai and Kyai Kanjeng Joko Piturun according to the book Dwiyanto Darsono (2009; 453)Besides Keris, weapons from Kraton Yogyakarta is spear. Spear is a weapon for hunting and fighting, part consists of a stick as a handle or spear heads and eyes are sharp and sometimes hardened with other materials. Kraton famous spear is a spear Kanjeng Kyai Plered (see Annex IV), New Kyai Kanjeng, Kanjeng Kyai Megatruh, Kanjeng Gadatapan Kyai and Kyai Kanjeng Gadawedana but the famous Palin is Kanjeng Kyai Plered Dwiyanto (2009; 453)Literature is the written works of the poets and even the king's court ruling. Literary works palace is Fiber, Suluk, wirid, Song, and the Chronicle. Fiber is the law contains writings, advice-advice and governance rules in religious ceremonies. Suluk literature contains only religion. Dhikr or wird is a constant prayer recited on a certain count. Song is a song that contains stories, advice religions contain elements misti. Chronicle is a story of the history of a great event.Other cultures developed by Kraton Yogyakarta is the art of dance. Dance has been created since the leadership of Sri Sultan Buwana I. The nature of the dance is Mangkubumi as a formidable warrior. Situai during the making of the dance lata also relates to the situation of an independent kingdom, which is also a lot of foreign threats. The dance works is, Beksa Lawung, Sekar Beksa Medura, Beksa Puppet, Beksa shield, and Wayang Wong.Find a Menak Princess Rengganis Widaninggar nerupakan an excerpt from the wayang wong dance technique is the personification of the puppet show, which was created by walnya Sri Sultan HB IX. Source of the story rests on the fibers brought stunning, the story of Amnir Ambyah, more popular by the name of Amir Hamzah, a story about the spread of Islam yanmg reflected in the dance movements. Rengganis Goddess of the country faced an opponent with Dewi Koparman Widaninggar of Tartaripura, demanding Bals death of his brother by the name of Goddess Adaninggar. In this battle proudly each rose bird Garuda, however, the advantage is on the goddess Rengganis.Find a Dance is a form of dance genre which was originally developed outside of keratin. Since the reign of Sri Sultan HB VIII, mobility culture encourages this puppet dance entered the palace, so that the form of expression also contains color truktur keistanaan Buday. If the doll originally expressed in a variety of improvisation 'naughty, teasing that fill iringannya working on, has now been arranged in the form of an even' erotic ', but the culture of soft palace remained influential in the formation of expression in her choreography. Name puppet dance is usually tailored to the piece iringannya, among other lanbangsari puppet, puppet Gambirsawit, Golek asmaradana, Golek Tenyep, Golek Montro, Golek Surengrana, and so on.Klana Mask Gallant, which is based on the story reveal about prabu Klana banner Suryawasesa who are in love with the goddess Sekartaji.Begitu so much love always fantasize and imagine as if Goddess Sekartaji be dihadapnnya. Love can sometimes bring oblivious to what faced the realitySekar Pudyastuti is a welcome dance as regards respect, welcome greetings, and a variety of greetings to the guests who come. Anoman ambassador, a small fragment of an excerpt from the story of the epic Ramayana, about Anoman Ramawijaya sent by the King to meet Goddess Sita who was abducted by King Ravana of Lanka kingdom. Untukmenguji loyalty to King Rama Sinta Dewi, diberikanlah ring of King Rama through Anoman for Dewi Sinta is always accompanied
 Beksan Anoman Yaksadewa is an excerpt from the wayang wong derived from the epic story of Ramayana. When Anoman sent see Dewi Sinta, Anoman managed to damage the park Soka and ravaged the kingdom of Lanka, so Anoman have to deal with the son of the king of Lanka named Yaksadewa. Thanks to the magic Anoman Yaksadewa beat to deathBeksan Pethilan Gathutkaca Suteja an excerpt from the story of wayang wong genre epic Mahabharata in the play Suteja Ask Father. Both figures are equally mighty not know each other, to finally get a good clue, no longer fighting position to get Wakyu 'Senopati' but can forgive each other and they can understand that it is still berasudara because both are included in the large family relatives Pandavas, Gatutkaca is the son of Bhima and Krishna is the son Suteja already kepanjingan soul Vishnu. Blessed are they, so Suteja could find who the real father.Missing Sprott is a fragment taken from the Ramayana epic story. When Dewi Sinta kidnapped and carried off by Ravana, in the middle of a trip to meet with Jathayu, but despite losing the fight Ravana, had reported the presence of the King Rama Sinta Dewi as a sign of loyalty to Rama JathayuBeksan Gathutkaca Pregiwa is an amorous encounter between Raden Gathutkaca and Goddess Pregiwa very romantic, an excerpt scene of wayang wong Genre court Ngayogyakarta derived from the story of the epic Mahabharata.Klana King / Klana dashing romantic scenes is passage of the wayang wong, one of a genre of dance at the Palace Ngayogyakarta, describes a king who falls in love with a princess dreams expressed in the character and the type of stout. In her dance expressions portray a young king who is raging spirit and fire of his love, so Mersa should always be perfect, both outwardly and inwardly.Klana Alus whch is a romantic scene of wayang wong, one of a genre of dance at the Palace Ngayogyakarta, depicting a king that is expressed in the character and type of smooth dance. A king is a wise and prudent, in the Agungbinataraannya falls in love with a heart princess dream, of course, will influence the pursuit of his love to all corners of the world associated with oversized power. Some figures are usually expressed king Dasalengkara King, King Jungkungmardeya, King Sri SuwelaBeksan Lawung Ageng or Lawung Gallant is one bentu genre called wiring or beksan herd very heroic, in the spirit of its creator as the founder of the Prince Sultan Mangkubumi Ngayogyakarta struggling with a persistent and militant. Besides this ageng Lawung almost always present in a grand wedding ceremony Kraton Ngayogyakarta as a fertility rite which symbolically into the teachings that accompany the journey of life in the beginning of a new life ark cover (Dwiyanto; 2009) (Rama; 2007).Aspects of culture that emerged and growing rapidly is the culture associated with the religious system. The system was also adopted from the Hindu-Buddhist religious system that had evolved. Kraton Yogyakarta Culture is evolving since its establishment in the kingdom of Mataram, but also after the Chronicle Giyanti undergone many changes and developments. Due to several factors that exist in the Sultanate government and Kasunanan.Aspects are often referred to as Java or Javanese religious system. The system adopts the system of Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic aspects of the procedure and a bit on the spiritual aspect. The Javanese believe that God is the center of the universe and the center of all life because before everything happens in this world is God's first time there. God not only created the universe and its contents but also acts as a regulator, because everything is moving according to plan and with the permission and His will.Central question in this sense is a source that can provide livelihood, balance and stability, which can also give life and connecting with people the world over. The views of the Javanese is commonly referred Manunggaling Lan Gusti subjects, namely the view that assumes that human moral obligation is to achieve harmony with the strength and the unity of last last, the man handed himself as the servant of the Gustinya.The mountain peaks in Javanese culture is considered a high place and closest to the world above, as at first believed that the spirits of ancestors living in the mountains. Most of the people of Java included in the class who has tried mixing some concepts and ways of thinking of Islam, with the original view of the natural world (this world) and the nature of supernatural (occult or supernatural).Outlook on life is an abstraction from life experience. Outlook on life is a mental adjustment from life experiences can then develop an attitude towards life. Javanese worldview characteristic of reality that leads to the formation of the unity between the numinous real nature, society and nature are considered sacred supernatural. Nature is an expression of power that determines life. The Javanese believe that their lives have no line, they just run its course (Soenarko, 2007; 132).Basic Java or Javanism confidence is the belief that everything that exists in this world is essentially one, or a unity of life. Javanism view of human life is always closely adrift in the cosmos of the universe. Thus human life is a journey filled with religious experiences.Java formulate the minds of human life in two cosmos (nature) is the macrocosm and the microcosm. Understand also what we might call the philosophy of Java, which is mixed with religion in the religion of Islam. Religion Islam itself does not know the system Macrocosm and Microcosm. Macrocosm in Javanese thought the attitude and outlook on life in the universe, which contains supernatural powers (supernatural). The main goal in life is to find and create harmony or balance between the macrocosm and the microcosm of life (Purwadi, 2003; 89).In the center of the macrocosm of the universe is God. The universe has a hierarchy devoted to the natural level and the level of life more perfect world (the world over - the human world - the world below). The universe consists of four main directions plus a center that unites God and give balance.Attitudes and views of the real world (the microcosm) is reflected in the lives of humans and their environment, the structure of human society, governance of everyday human life and everything that appears to the eye. In the face of human life that is good and right in this world depends on the strength of mind and soul.For the Javanese past, the center of this world was the leader or the king and kingdom, God is the center of the macrocosm, while the king is considered the embodiment representative of God on earth, so that in him there is a balance of these two forces of nature. So the king is seen as a community center in the world as the king's representative microcosm of the Lord as the residence of the king's palace. Kraton is a royal and sacred center bersemayamnya king because rajapun considered a source of cosmic forces flowing into the sovereignty and bring peace, justice and the fertility of the region.It is the above overview of the nature of mind and attitude and outlook on life that is owned by the Javanese in the kingdom era. The mind has been deeply rooted philosophy and the foundation of all that is in the order of realization of Javanese life.Jogjakarta court figures who spread many Javanese ideology embraced by the public is Notoroto RP. He was the court poet Sultanate of Yogyakarta, Sri Sultan lived during Hamengku Buwana V. The work he is:a. fiber bayanullahb. musyawaratan the trusteesc. kridha deer Martanad. fiber purwakanthiAll of them are religious magic that we often call the servant Manunggaling understand Gusti (purwadi, 2003; 156).

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